Impact model: DLEM

Reference Paper: Other References: Tian H, Chen G, Liu M, Zhang C, Sun G, Lu C, Xu X, Ren W, Pan S, Chappelka A et al. Model estimates of net primary productivity, evapotranspiration, and water use efficiency in the terrestrial ecosystems of the southern United States during 1895–2007. Forest Ecology and Management,259,1311-1327,2009
Tian H, Xu R, Pan S, Yao Y, Bian Z, Cai W, Hopkinson C, Justic D, Lohrenz S, Lu C, Ren W, Yang J et al. Long‐Term Trajectory of Nitrogen Loading and Delivery From Mississippi River Basin to the Gulf of Mexico. Global Biogeochemical Cycles,34,,2020

Reference Paper: Other References: Pan, Shufen, Hanqin Tian, Shree RS Dangal, Zhiyun Ouyang, Chaoqun Lu, Jia Yang, Bo Tao, Wei Ren, Kamaljit Banger, Qichun Yang, Bowen Zhang et al. Impacts of climate variability and extremes on global net primary production in the first decade of the 21st century. Journal of Geographical Sciences,25,,
Pan, Shufen, Hanqin Tian, Shree RS Dangal, Qichun Yang, Jia Yang, Chaoqun Lu, Bo Tao, Wei Ren, and Zhiyun Ouyang et al. Responses of global terrestrial evapotranspiration to climate change and increasing atmospheric CO 2 in the 21st century . Earth's Future,3,15-35,2014
Yang, Jia, Hanqin Tian, Bo Tao, Wei Ren, Chaoqun Lu, Shufen Pan, Yuhang Wang, and Yongqiang Liu et al. Century-scale patterns and trends of global pyrogenic carbon emissions and fire influences on terrestrial carbon balance. Global Biogeochem. Cycles,29,1549-1566,2015

Spin-up design: Before the transient simulation, we have equilibrium run and model spin-up. In the equilibrium run, we used the average climate condition during 1661-1690, and other input data (CO2 concentration, nitrogen deposition, vegetation type, land use and land management) at the level of year 1660 to run the model. We assumed the equilibrium state was reached when the differences of carbon, nitrogen, and water content at grid level are less than 0.5 g C/m2, 0.5 g N/m2, and 0.5 mm between two consecutive 50-year periods. The model determines how many model years the equilibrium run takes. The 100-year spin-up run follows equilibrium run. During this stage, model randomly selected climate conditions from the 30-year period of 1661-1690 to drive the model, while other driving forces (CO2 concentration, nitrogen deposition, land use and land cover) were kept at the level of 1661. When the equilibrium run and spin-up were done, the model started the transient run from 1661 to the last year of climate data. The transient run is forced by all the time-series of driving factors.

List of species / pfts: Tundra (T); Boreal Broadleaf Deciduous Forest (BBDF); Boreal Needleleaf Evergreen Forest (BNEF); Boreal Needleleaf Deciduous Forest (BNDF); Temperate Broadleaf Deciduous Forest (TBDF); Temperate Broadleaf Evergreen Forest (TBEF); Temperate Needleleaf Evergreen Forest (TNEF); Temperate Needleleaf Deciduous Forest (TNDF); Tropical Broadleaf Deciduous Forest (TrBDF); Tropical Broadleaf Evergreen Forest (TrBEF); Deciduous Shrub (Dshrub); Evergreen Shrub (Eshrub); C3 grassland (C3G); C4 grassland (C4G); Cropland

Spin-up design: Before the transient simulation, we have equilibrium run and model spin-up. In the equilibrium run, we used the average climate condition during 1901-1930, and other input data (CO2 concentration, nitrogen deposition, vegetation type, land use and land management) at the level of year 1901 to run the model. We assumed the equilibrium state was reached when the differences of carbon, nitrogen, and water content at grid level are less than 0.5 g C/m2, 0.5 g N/m2, and 0.5 mm between two consecutive 50-year periods. The model determines how many model years the equilibrium run takes. The 100-year spin-up run follows equilibrium run. During this stage, model randomly selected climate conditions from the 30-year period of 1901-1930 to drive the model, while other driving forces (CO2 concentration, nitrogen deposition, land use and land cover) were kept at the level of 1901. When the equilibrium run and spin-up were done, the model started the transient run from 1901 to the last year of climate data. The transient run is forced by all the time-series of driving factors.