Impact model: EPIC-IIASA

In the agricultural sector, we used the GGCMI (Global Gridded Crop Model Intercomparison) N fertilizer data product, which uses gridded crop-specific fertilizer data from Mueller et al. (2012) scaled in time with the time series of LUH2 v2h (Hurtt et al. 2020).

ISIMIP3b
ISIMIP3a
ISIMIP2a

Person responsible for model simulations in this simulation round

Juraj Balkovic: balkovic@iiasa.ac.at, 0000-0003-2955-4931, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) (Austria)

Christian Folberth: folberth@iiasa.ac.at, 0000-0002-6738-5238, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) (Austria)

Additional persons involved: Nikolay Khabarov: khabarov@iiasa.ac.at

Output Data

Experiments: ssp126_2015soc_default, picontrol_2015soc_default, ssp370_2015soc_default, historical_2015soc_default, ssp585_2015soc_default, ssp126_2015soc_2015co2, ssp585_2015soc_2015co2, ssp370_2015soc_2015co2
Climate Drivers: GFDL-ESM4, IPSL-CM6A-LR, MPI-ESM1-2-HR, MRI-ESM2-0, UKESM1-0-LL
Date: 2021-09-24

Basic information

Model Output License: CC0

Model Homepage: https://iiasa.ac.at/models-tools-data/epic-iiasa

Model License: Custom

Simulation Round Specific Description: EPIC-IIASA is one of the currently 15 models following the ISIMIP3a/b protocol which form the base of simulations for the ISIMIP3a/b agricultural sector outputs.

Reference Paper: Main Reference: Balkovič J, van der Velde M, Skalský R, Xiong W, Folberth C, Khabarov N, Smirnov A, Mueller N, Obersteiner M et al. Global wheat production potentials and management flexibility under the representative concentration pathways. Global and Planetary Change,122,107-121,2014

Resolution

Spatial aggregation: regular grid

Horizontal resolution: 0.5°x0.5°

Temporal resolution of input data: climate variables: daily

Temporal resolution of input data: co2: annual

Temporal resolution of input data: soil: constant

Input data

Simulated atmospheric climate data sets used: MRI-ESM2-0, IPSL-CM6A-LR, MPI-ESM1-2-HR, UKESM1-0-LL, GFDL-ESM4

Other human influences data sets used: Nitrogen deposition (ISIMIP3), Crop calendar, N-Fertilizer (ISIMIP3b)

Other data sets used: Soil data (hwsd_soil_data_all_land, hwsd_soil_data_on_cropland)

Additional input data sets: Slope and elevation based on GTOPO30

Climate variables: hurs, sfcWind, tasmax, tasmin, rsds, pr

Spin-up

Was a spin-up performed?: Yes

Spin-up design: 30-year spin-up to equilibrate soil profiles. For each simulation, another spin-up of 8 years was performed to equilibrate soil water and mineral nutrient contents.

Natural Vegetation

Soil layers: 10

Key input and Management

Crops: Yes. Winter and spring wheat, maize, rice, soybean.

Land cover: No, whole land mask simulated

Planting date decision: Using the constant prescribed growing season dataset specified by the protocol.

Planting density: Global uniform depending on crop.

Crop cultivars: One constant cultivar for each crop in each grid cell (up to two for rice) based on maturity requirement. This is determined based on the the mean growing degree-days accumulated in the growing period (derived from prescribed crop calendars specified in protocol) over 1980–2009 growing seasons.

Fertilizer application: Synthetic fertilizer applied according to protocol: 20% at sowing, 80% once accumulated growing degree-days reach 25% of maturity requirement. Manure N and atm. N deposition were added to mineral fertilizer application.

Irrigation: Automatically applied based on crop water deficit (10%).

Initial soil water: Equilibrated in each simulation with a 8-year spin-up cycling the first 8 years of climate data using soil profiles with a 30-year spin-up (see above).

Initial soil nitrate and ammonia: Equilibrated in each simulation Equilibrated in each simulation with a 8-year spin-up cycling the first 8 years of climate data using soil profiles with a 30-year spin-up (see above).with a 8-year spin-up cycling the first 8 years of climate data.

Initial soil c and om: Equilibrated in each simulation with a 8-year spin-up cycling the first 8 years of climate data using soil profiles with a 30-year spin-up (see above).

Person responsible for model simulations in this simulation round

Juraj Balkovic: balkovic@iiasa.ac.at, 0000-0003-2955-4931, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) (Austria)

Christian Folberth: folberth@iiasa.ac.at, 0000-0002-6738-5238, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) (Austria)

Additional persons involved: Nikolay Khabarov: khabarov@iiasa.ac.at

Output Data

Experiments: obsclim_2015soc_default
Climate Drivers: GSWP3-W5E5
Date: 2022-03-10

Basic information

Model Output License: CC0

Model Homepage: https://iiasa.ac.at/models-tools-data/epic-iiasa

Model License: Custom

Simulation Round Specific Description: EPIC-IIASA is one of the currently 15 models following the ISIMIP3a/b protocol which form the base of simulations for the ISIMIP3a/b agricultural sector outputs; for a full technical description of the ISIMIP3a Simulation Data from Agricultural Sector, see this DOI link: https://egusphere.copernicus.org/preprints/2023/egusphere-2023-281/

Reference Paper: Other References: Balkovič J, van der Velde M, Skalský R, Xiong W, Folberth C, Khabarov N, Smirnov A, Mueller N, Obersteiner M et al. Global wheat production potentials and management flexibility under the representative concentration pathways. Global and Planetary Change,122,107-121,2014

Resolution

Spatial aggregation: regular grid

Horizontal resolution: 0.5°x0.5°

Additional spatial aggregation & resolution information: Natively run at level of simulation units that are based on 5' x 5' regular grid, aggregate based on homogeneity in climate, soil, and topography.

Temporal resolution of input data: climate variables: daily

Temporal resolution of input data: co2: annual

Temporal resolution of input data: soil: constant

Input data

Observed atmospheric climate data sets used: GSWP3-W5E5 (ISIMIP3a)

Other human influences data sets used: Nitrogen deposition (ISIMIP3)

Other data sets used: Soil data (hwsd_soil_data_all_land, hwsd_soil_data_on_cropland)

Climate variables: hurs, sfcWind, tasmax, tasmin, rsds, pr

Spin-up

Was a spin-up performed?: Yes

Spin-up design: 30-year spin-up to equilibrate soil profiles. For each simulation, another spin-up of 8 years was performed to equilibrate soil water and mineral nutrient contents.

Natural Vegetation

Soil layers: 10

Key input and Management

Crops: Yes. Winter and spring wheat, maize, rice, soybean.

Land cover: No, whole land mask simulated

Planting date decision: Using the constant prescribed growing season dataset specified by the protocol.

Planting density: Global uniform depending on crop.

Irrigation: Automatically applied based on crop water deficit (10%).

Initial soil water: Equilibrated in each simulation with a 8-year spin-up cycling the first 8 years of climate data using soil profiles with a 30-year spin-up (see above).

Initial soil c and om: Equilibrated in each simulation with a 8-year spin-up cycling the first 8 years of climate data using soil profiles with a 30-year spin-up (see above).

Person responsible for model simulations in this simulation round

Juraj Balkovic: balkovic@iiasa.ac.at, 0000-0003-2955-4931, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) (Austria)

Junguo Liu: junguo.liu@gmail.com, 0000-0002-5745-6311, Southern University of Science and Technology (China)

Ganquan Mao: ganquan.mao@icloud.com, 0000-0002-6301-996X, Southern University of Science and Technology (China)

Output Data

Experiments: historical
Climate Drivers: None
Date: 2016-02-10

Basic information

Model Version: EPIC0810

Model Output License: CC BY 4.0

Simulation Round Specific Description: EPIC-IIASA is one of the 14 models following the ISIMIP2a protocol which form the base of simulations for the ISIMIP2a agricultural sector outputs; for a full technical description of the ISIMIP2a Simulation Data from Agricultural Sector, see this DOI link: http://doi.org/10.5880/PIK.2017.006

Reference Paper: Other References: Müller, C., Elliott, J., Kelly, D. et al. et al. The Global Gridded Crop Model Intercomparison phase 1 simulation dataset. Sci Data,6,50,2019

Resolution

Spatial aggregation: regular grid

Horizontal resolution: 0.5°x0.5°

Temporal resolution of input data: climate variables: daily

Temporal resolution of input data: co2: annual

Input data

Observed atmospheric climate data sets used: WATCH (WFD), WATCH-WFDEI

Additional input data sets: N and P fertilizer application rates based on Mueller et al. (2012)

Climate variables: tasmax, tasmin, wind, rsds, prsn, pr

Spin-up

Was a spin-up performed?: Yes

Spin-up design: 20-yr spin up

Management & Adaptation Measures

Management: Planting dates and length of the growing season were estimated based on Sacks et al. (2010). Harvest day was scheduled automatically as a fraction of accumulated PHU. Hence, maturity in each year depends on the specific growing season temperature. No residue removal. P-fertilization scheduled together with tillage, N-fertilization scheduled based on N stress.

Extreme Events & Disturbances

Key challenges: EPIC does not take floods and any physical damage to plants (e.g. hail or extreme winds) into account. Crops are not killed by extreme drought or temperatures, but only limtied in growth and yield formation.

Key input and Management

Crops: mai, whe(w,s), soy, ric

Land cover: GLC2000 + Spatial Production Allocation Model dataset - You, L., et al., Spatial Produciton Allocation Model (SPAM) 2000 Version 3 Release 1. http://MapSPAM.info. (Accessed Feb, 2012)

Planting date decision: fixed planting dates (Sacks et al., 2010) - for historical yields

Planting density: Crop specific

Crop cultivars: Simulate crop Growing Degree Days (GDDs) requirement according to estimated annual GDDs from daily temperature (4 cult for mai, multiple cult for ric)

Fertilizer application: N and P fertilizer (Mueller et al. 2012); dynamic timing of N app, fixed timing of P app

Irrigation: no restriction on actual water availability, irrigated water applied when water stress; MIRCA 2000 crop specific irrigated area (Portmann et al., 2010)

Crop residue: Yes

Initial soil water: Spin up of 20 years

Initial soil nitrate and ammonia: Spin up of 20 years

Initial soil c and om: ISRIC-WISE

Initial crop residue: Spin up of 20 years

Key model processes

Leaf area development: prescribed shape of LAI curve as function of phenology, modified by water stress & low productivity

Light interception: Simple approach

Light utilization: Simple (descriptive) Radiation use efficiency approach

Yield formation: Fixed harvest index modified by water stress, partitioning during reproductive stages, total (above-ground) biomass

Crop phenology: temperature, heat unit index

Root distribution over depth: exponential, actual water depends on water availability in each soil layer

Stresses involved: Water stress, Nitrogen stress, Oxygen stress, heat stress (phosphorus, bulk density, aluminium (based on pH and base saturation)

Type of water stress: ratio of supply to demand of water

Type of heat stress: vegetative (source)

Water dynamics: soil water capacity with 10 soil layers

Evapo-transpiration: Hargreaves

Soil cn modeling: C model; N model; microbial biomass pool, 3 number of organic matter pools

Co2 effects: Radiation use efficiency, Transpiration efficiency

Methods for model calibration and validation

Parameters, number and description: Default parameters from EPIC0810, Potential harvest index, optimal and min T adjusted for some cultivars

Output variable and dataset for calibration validation: Yield (FAO yield statistics)

Spatial scale of calibration/validation: National

Temporal scale of calibration/validation: 1997-2004

Criteria for evaluation (validation): R2